Measuring Coastal Cliff Retreat from Comparable Three-Dimensional Observations
Cliff monitoring needs viewing geometry that captures the face as well as the top.
THE DRONE COLLAB JOURNAL
Explore practical photogrammetry, GNSS, IMU, GIS and remote sensing methods. Technical explanations, worked examples and field checks for the people turning aerial photographs into usable maps.

Cliff monitoring needs viewing geometry that captures the face as well as the top.
Seagrass mapping from aerial imagery depends on water clarity, depth, surface conditions and the visibility of the seabed.
Mangrove restoration monitoring should connect planting cohorts or natural regeneration zones with tidal channels, elevation evidence and field survival observations.
Mangrove imagery can document upper-canopy extent, openings and creek relationships at a particular tide and date.
Beach-volume comparison requires a shared elevation reference, overlapping measured surfaces and a fixed analysis envelope.
A shoreline map must say what line is being observed: instantaneous water edge, wet-dry boundary, vegetation edge or another defined proxy.
A closure baseline should preserve observable landform, infrastructure, drainage, exposed substrate and vegetation classes in stable management units.
Settling-pond surveys can document water extent, exposed sediment, access and visible bank condition.
Drone photographs can document the exposed muckpile surface and support a controlled study of visible fragment size.
Spoil-heap monitoring benefits from separating surface form, ground cover and connected erosion features.
Repeated pit-slope models can document surface geometry where both surveys observe the same ground adequately.
A haul-road map can connect visible surface ponding, erosion, blocked drains and crossing assets to route segments used by operations.
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